Prasiola
Prasiola | |
---|---|
Prasiola japonica | |
Scientific classification | |
Clade: | Viridiplantae |
Division: | Chlorophyta |
Class: | Trebouxiophyceae |
Order: | Prasiolales |
Family: | Prasiolaceae |
Genus: | Prasiola (C.Agardh) Meneghini[1] |
Type species | |
Prasiola crispa (Lightfoot) Kützing[1]
| |
Species | |
See below |
Prasiola is a genus of macroscopic green algae, found in a variety of habitats ranging from terrestrial, freshwater, to marine. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic.[2]: 227
Plants belonging to the genus Prasiola were first described by John Lightfoot in 1777 in his series Flora Scotica, as the name Ulva crispa.[3] In 1838, Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini circumscribed the genus.[4]
Species of Prasiola are edible and are often harvested for food, particularly Prasiola japonica, in countries such as Japan and Myanmar.[5]
Description
[edit]Prasiola forms single-layered blades which may range in shape from fan-shaped, ribbon-shaped, to wedge-shaped and may or may not have a distinct stipe. In some species, plants start as uniseriate, unbranched filaments or thin ribbons. Blades may be attached to a substrate or may be freely floating or lying. Individual cells are quadrangular, and arranged in regular rows, sometimes grouped into blocks of four or eight. Individual cells are uninucleate (with a single nucleus) and contain a star-shaped chloroplast with a single central pyrenoid.[6][1]
Reproduction
[edit]Life history and reproductive strategies of Prasiola differ between species. Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation or aplanospores. Sexual reproduction has has only been reported in some species, and is oogamous, with flagellated sperm and non-motile egg cells.[6] During sexual reproduction, the thallus may become polystromatic (thicker than one cell). Both male and female gametes may be produced on the same thalli (i.e. are monoecious) or different thalli (i.e. are dioecious).[1]
Ecology
[edit]Prasiola species are found in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Freshwater species in this genus are common in cold-water streams. Terrestrial species often inhabit soil, rocks, and tree trunks; they are particularly common in nitrogen-rich areas such as guano deposits.[6]: 416 Marine species are mostly found in the intertidal or splash zone; each individual plant is small but they usually grow side by side to form a dense green turf on rock surfaces.[2] In areas like Antarctica, Prasiola is one of the most important primary producers.[3]
Marine Prasiola often have the ascomycete fungus Mastodia tessellata (also known as Kohlmeyera complicatula, Turgidosculum complicatulum) growing within their thalli. When the two species grow together, the thalli of Prasiola change in morphology, to becoming olive green and with a rough and convoluted surface.[7] The true nature of their relationship is unclear. It has been variously described as a mycophycobiosis, a lichen-like symbiosis, or a parasitic relationship.[8]
Species
[edit]There are about 35 species in the genus.[1]
- Prasiola antarctica
- Prasiola anziana
- Prasiola borealis
- Prasiola calophylla
- Prasiola crispa
- Prasiola cristata
- Prasiola delicata
- Prasiola delicatula
- Prasiola elongata
- Prasiola fangchengensis
- Prasiola filiformis
- Prasiola flotowii
- Prasiola fluviatilis
- Prasiola formosana
- Prasiola furfuracea
- Prasiola glacialis
- Prasiola hubeica
- Prasiola japonica
- Prasiola johanseni
- Prasiola lanpingensis
- Prasiola linearis
- Prasiola mauritiana
- Prasiola meridionalis
- Prasiola mexicana
- Prasiola minuta
- Prasiola nevadensis
- Prasiola novaezelandiae
- Prasiola sinica
- Prasiola skottsbergii
- Prasiola snareana
- Prasiola stipitata
- Prasiola subareolata
- Prasiola tibetica
- Prasiola volcanica
- Prasiola velutina
- Prasiola yunnanica
Traditionally, species were differentiated from each other based on morphological characters, such as the size and shape of the blade and the stipe. However, species delimitation has been problematic due to extensive morphological variability.[9] This has been corroborated by genetic studies, which have found the existence of cryptic species.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Prasiola Meneghini, 1838, nom. cons". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ a b Bunker, Francis; Brodie, Juliet A.; Maggs, Christine A.; Bunker, Anne R. (2017-06-05). Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland: Second Edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-9955673-3-7.
- ^ a b c Moniz, Mónica B. J.; Rindi, Fabio; Novis, Phil M.; Broady, Paul A.; Guiry, Michael D. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny of Antarctic Prasiola (Prasiolales, Trebouxiophyceae) reveals extensive cryptic diversity". Journal of Phycology. 48 (4): 940–955. Bibcode:2012JPcgy..48..940M. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01172.x. PMID 27009004.
- ^ Rindi, Fabio; McIvor, Lynne; Guiry, Michael D. (2004). "The Prasiolales (Chlorophyta) of Atlantic Europe: an assessment based on morphological, molecular, and ecological data, including the characterization of Rosenvingiella radicans (Kützing) comb. nov". Journal of Phycology. 40 (5): 977–997. Bibcode:2004JPcgy..40..977R. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.04012.x.
- ^ Sutherland, Judy E.; Miyata, Masahiko; Ishikawa, Motoyasu; Nelson, Wendy A. (2016). "Prasiola (Prasiolales, Trebouxiophyceae) in Japan: A survey of freshwater populations and new records of marine taxa". Phycological Research. 64 (2): 110–117. doi:10.1111/pre.12124.
- ^ a b c John, David M.; Rindi, Fabio (2014). "Chapter 8. Filamentous (Nonconjugating) and Plantlike Green Algae". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification (2 ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
- ^ Ricker, R.W. (1987). Taxonomy and biogeography of Macquarie Island seaweeds. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 1–344. ISBN 0-565-00998-2.
- ^ Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Ríos, Asunción de los; Crespo, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G. (2010). "Symbiotic lifestyle and phylogenetic relationships of the bionts of Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota, incertae sedis )". American Journal of Botany. 97 (5): 738–752. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900323. PMID 21622440.
- ^ Ramírez Rodríguez, R.; Carmona Jiménez, J. "Taxonomy and distribution of freshwater Prasiola (Prasiolales, Chlorophyta) in central Mexico". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 26 (2): 177–188.